Australia’s marine environments present unique workplace hazards for those working on or near the water.
From commercial fishing operations to coastal infrastructure, surf lifesaving and tourism, understanding the correct first aid responses for marine bites and stings is crucial for the safety of workers in these environments.
Preparing for marine hazards
Australian waters host some of the world’s most dangerous marine creatures.
While fatalities are rare, prompt and correct first aid can mean the difference between a minor incident and a serious medical emergency. Workplace first aiders in marine environments need specific knowledge beyond standard first aid training to handle these unique hazards.
Traditional first aid approaches may not work
Some conventional first aid treatments can actually worsen the outcome of marine bites and stings.
For instance, fresh water should never be used for box jellyfish stings, as it can cause remaining stingers to discharge. Understanding these crucial differences helps workplace first aiders avoid common mistakes that could escalate the situation.
Essential workplace first aid kit additions for marine environments
Standard workplace first aid kits require supplementary components for use in marine environments.
Vinegar, specialist compression – or snake bite – bandages, and hot water facilities are essential additions. Workplaces should maintain multiple marine sting first aid stations in easily accessible locations, clearly marked and regularly checked for expired contents.
First 60 seconds after a marine incident is critical
The immediate response to any marine bite or sting determines the outcome’s severity.
First aiders must assess the situation quickly, ensure their own safety, and identify the type of creature involved if possible. However, when identification isn’t possible, understanding symptom-based treatment protocols becomes essential.
In the event of any marine bite or sting, call Triple Zero (000).
Blue-ringed octopus
Blue-ringed octopus are found in tide pools and shallow reefs around Australia.
These small but deadly creatures require specific first aid responses. Signs and symptoms include:
- Small punctures
- Pins and needles
- Nausea, dizziness
Apply a compression bandage to the affected area using the Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT). DO NOT treat with seawater, hot water or vinegar.
Cone shell snail
Cone shell snails are found in shallow water and reefs of tropical and temperate Australia.
Despite their small size, a bite can be fatal without the correct first aid intervention. Signs and symptoms include:
- Small punctures
- Pins and needles
- Nausea, dizziness
Use hot water for 20 minutes at a tolerable temperature. Apply a compression bandage to the affected area using the Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT). DO NOT treat with seawater or vinegar.
Stonefish
Stonefish are found in the tropical coastlines of Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.
Stonefish stings, while less common than jellyfish encounters, require specific first aid approaches. Signs and symptoms include:
- Barbs at point of contact (do not remove if embedded)
- Severe pain and swelling
Use hot water for 20 minutes at a tolerable temperature if the sting is on a limb. Pad area around embedded barbs and apply mild pressure to pads with gloved hands. DO NOT treat with seawater or vinegar.
Irukandji jellyfish
Irukandji jellyfish are found in the tropical coastlines of Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.
Irukandji jellyfish are both the smallest and one of the most venomous jellyfish in the world. Signs and symptoms include:
- Painless red/purple welts 20-40 minutes after sting then:
- Severe muscle and back pain
- Severe headache
- Increased heart rate
- Sweating, anxiety, nausea, vomiting
- Possible cardiac arrest
Use vinegar for at least 30 seconds. DO NOT treat with seawater, hot water or Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT).
Box jellyfish
Box jellyfish are found in the tropical coastlines of Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.
Box jellyfish are considered the most venomous marine animal. Signs and symptoms include:
- Tentacle contact marks in ladder pattern
- Intense pain
- Possible breathing difficulties
- Possible cardiac arrest
Use vinegar for at least 30 seconds. DO NOT treat with seawater, hot water or Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT).
Blue bottle jellyfish
Blue bottle jellyfish are found in coastlines around Australia.
Blue bottle jellyfish produce potent venom delivered by contact with their tentacles. Signs and symptoms include:
- Tentacle contact marks
- Mild to severe pain for 1-2 hours
- Rash or blistering
- Swelling at site
- Possible anaphylactic reaction
Wash with seawater for at least 30 seconds then carefully pick off tentacles. Use hot water for 20 minutes at a tolerable temperature. DO NOT treat with vinegar or Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT).
Overlooked danger of coral injuries
Coral injuries often receive less attention than other marine hazards but can lead to serious infections.
Immediate, thorough cleansing and ongoing wound management become crucial. Workplace first aiders should understand the risks of coral cuts and maintain appropriate wound cleansing applications.
Special considerations for remote worksites
Remote marine workplaces face additional challenges in emergency response.
Establishing clear communication protocols, maintaining extended first aid supplies including defibrillators, and developing relationships with emergency retrieval services become essential components of workplace safety planning.
Preventing secondary complications
Many marine bites and stings carry risks of secondary infection or delayed reactions.
Workplace first aiders must understand monitoring requirements and recommend follow-up medical assessments. Documentation of all incidents helps identify patterns and improve prevention strategies.
Training requirements for workplace first aiders
Marine environment first aid requires additional qualifications beyond standard first aid certificates.
Workplaces should ensure regular updates to training, including practical scenarios specific to their location and activities. This includes familiarity with local marine hazards and seasonal risks.
Creating effective emergency response plans
Every workplace operating in a marine environment needs a detailed emergency response plan specific to its environmental marine hazards.
These should include clear roles, responsibilities, and evacuation procedures. Regular review and updating of these plans ensure they remain relevant and effective.
Importance of seasonal awareness
Marine bite and sting hazards vary significantly with seasons, particularly in tropical waters.
Workplace first aid protocols should adapt to seasonal risks, with appropriate adjustments to staffing, supplies and procedures during high-risk periods.
Conclusion
Effective workplace first aid for marine bites and stings requires specific knowledge, appropriate treatment applications and well-practised procedures.
Success depends on maintaining current training, establishing clear protocols, and ensuring rapid access to appropriate first aid supplies. Regular review and updating of procedures, combined with practical training scenarios, helps workplaces maintain readiness for marine incidents.
While prevention remains the best approach, being well-prepared for marine first aid emergencies protects workers and demonstrates commitment to workplace safety.
References
Health Direct - Sea creature bites and stings
NSW Department of Primary Industries - Marine animals – stings and venomous bites
Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) - Marine envenomations